Model documentation


Our modules in FRIDA


The FRIDA model is a new integrated assessment model (IAM) for climate, using the tools of system dynamics to integrate the two-way coupling between the human and climate side of the system.

Both sides are given equal importance, and we focus as much on the feedbacks and relationships within the system as on the mechanisms within each component (module) of the model. In FRIDA, climate impacts are introduced through a number of process-based impact channels, including impacts on agriculture, energy production, the finance sector, and people’s perception of climate risk, all of which are novel aspects of our IAM FRIDA.

FRIDA is developed by a new European team of experts, funded originally through the European Horizon programme. The model is modular – the climate module is developed by climate scientists, the economy module by economists, and so forth.

The model is developed for clarity and intuition building, and it comes with transparent tools for using the model. The documentation of FRIDA will be published as a set of papers in a collection in the journal Geoscientific Model Development (GMD)

Peer-reviewed publications

Bechthold, W. Barfuss, A. Butz, J. Breier, S.M. Constantino, J. Heitzig, L. Schwarz, S.N. Vardag, J.F. Donges, Social norms and groups structure safe operating spaces in renewable resource use in a social-ecological multi-layer network model, preprint EGUSphere: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2924

Chim, M.M, Aubry, T.J., Smith, C. and Schmidt, A., 2025. Neglecting future sporadic volcanic eruptions underestimates climate uncertainty. Communications Earth & Environment, 6, 236, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02208-1

Collste D., Apetrei CI, Booth Sweeney L, et al. Polycrisis patterns: applying system archetypes to crisis interactions. Global Sustainability. 2025;8:e17. doi:10.1017/sus.2025.21

Collste, D., Aguiar, A.P.D., Harmáčková, Z.V., Galafassi, D., Pereira, L.M., Selomane, O. and van Der Leeuw, S., 2023. Participatory pathways to the Sustainable Development Goals: inviting divergent perspectives through a cross-scale systems approach. Environmental Research Communications, 5(5), p.055014. DOI 10.1088/2515-7620/acce25

Eker, S., Liu, Q., Reiter, C. and Kuhn, M., 2023. Full of Economic-Environment Linkages and Integration dX/dt (FeliX): Technical Model Documentation. https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/18984

Eker, S., Wilson, C., Höhne, N., McCaffrey, M.S., Monasterolo, I., Niamir, L. and Zimm, C., 2023. A dynamic systems approach to harness the potential of social tipping. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.14964. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.14964

Eker, S., Mastrucci, A., Pachauri, S. and van Ruijven, B., 2023. Social media data shed light on air-conditioning interest of heat-vulnerable regions and sociodemographic groups. One Earth, 6(4), pp.428-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2023.03.011

Eker, S., Lenton, T.M., Powell, T., Scheffran, J., Smith, S.R., Swamy, D. and Zimm, C., 2024. Cross-system interactions for positive tipping cascades. Earth System Dynamics, 15(3), pp.789-800. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-789-2024

Everall, J.P., Donges, J.F. and Otto, I.M., 2023. The pareto effect in tipping social networks: from minority to majority. EGUsphere, 2023, pp.1-38. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2241

Mathison, C., Burke, E. J., Munday, G., Jones, C. D., Smith, C. J., Steinert, N. J., Wiltshire, A. J., Huntingford, C., Kovacs, E., Gohar, L. K., Varney, R. M., and McNeall, D., 2025. A rapid-application emissions-to-impacts tool for scenario assessment: Probabilistic Regional Impacts from Model patterns and Emissions (PRIME), Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1785–1808, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1785-2025

Munday, G., Jones, C.D., Steinert, N.J., Mathison, C., Burke, E.J., Smith, C., Huntingford, C., Varney, R.M., Wiltshire, A.J., 2025. Risks of unavoidable impacts on forests at 1.5 °C with and without overshoot. Nature Climate Change https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02327-9 

Rajah, J.K. and Kopainsky, B., 2025. A systematic method to integrate co‐produced causal loop diagrams based on feedback stories. System Dynamics Review 41(1), e1794. https://doi.org/10.1002/sdr.1794

Rouwette, E. and Franco, L.A., 2024. Engaged Decision Making: From Team Knowledge to Team Decisions (p. 301). Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003404200

Schoenberg, W., Mashhadi, S., Mauritzen, C., Smith, C., Callegari, B., Collste, D., Cornell, S. and Gjermundsen, A., Towards a fully coupled Integrated Climate Assessment Model: FRIDA Version 0.1 (Feedback-based knowledge Repository for IntegrateD Assessments). https://proceedings.systemdynamics.org/2023/papers/O1133.pdf

Smith, C.J., Al Khourdajie, A., Yang, P. and Folini, D., 2023. Climate uncertainty impacts on optimal mitigation pathways and social cost of carbon. Environmental Research Letters, 18(9), p.094024. DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/acedc6

Smith, C., Cummins, D. P., Fredriksen, H.-B., Nicholls, Z., Meinshausen, M., Allen, M., Jenkins, S., Leach, N., Mathison, C., and Partanen, A.-I., 2025. fair-calibrate v1.4.1: calibration, constraining, and validation of the FaIR simple climate model for reliable future climate projections, Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8569–8592, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8569-2024

Spaiser, S. Juhola, S.M. Constantino, W. Guo, T. Watson, J. Sillmann, A. Craparo, A. Basel, J.T. Bruun, K. Krishnamurthy, J. Scheffran, P. Pinho, U.T. Okpara, J.F. Donges, A. Bhowmik, T. Yasseri, R. Safra de Campos, G.S. Cumming, H. Chenet, F. Krampe, J.F. Abrams, Negative social tipping dynamics resulting from and reinforcing Earth system destabilisation, Earth System Dynamics 15, 1179–1206,  (2024), DOI: 10.5194/esd-15-1179-2024

Søgaard Jørgensen P, Jansen REV, Avila Ortega DI, Wang-Erlandsson L, Donges JF, Österblom H, Olsson P, Nyström M, Lade SJ, Hahn T, Folke C, Peterson GD, Crépin AS. Evolution of the polycrisis: Anthropocene traps that challenge global sustainability. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2024 Jan;379(1893):20220261. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0261. Epub 2023 Nov 13. PMID: 37952617; PMCID: PMC10645130.

Ye, Q., Liu, Q., Swamy, D., Gao, L., Moallemi, E.A., Rydzak, F. and Eker, S., 2024. FeliX 2.0: An integrated model of climate, economy, environment, and society interactions. Environmental Modelling & Software, p.106121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2024.106121

Zeitfogel, C., Daw, T., & Collste, D. (2024). What do you mean ‘Climate Change’? An analysis of climate change framings in three climate assemblies. Environmental Science & Policy, 162, 103936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103936

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